© 2020 Forum of Federations. A federal transfer program that is designed to lessen the fiscal disparities among provinces. I will begin with the facts. Finally, I recommend it to anyone interested in contemporary equalization policy debates.”, "Fiscal federalism is the unfinished business of Confederation. •Federal and provincial governments have independent constitutional basisof authority•Few / no constraints on spending / taxationpowers or ability to borrow•Federal and provincial have extensive areas of separate legislative powers•Strong executives at both federal and provincial levelsSources: WorldBank, Fiscal DecentralizationIndicators, March 2001 (basedon IMF’’sGovernmentFinance Statistics), Inter–AmericanDevelopmentBankSources: WorldBank, Fiscal DecentralizationIndicators, March 2001 (basedon IMF’’sGovernmentFinance Statistics); Finance Canada;Inter–AmericanDevelopmentBankSources: Ronald Watts (Sources: Ronald Watts (ComparingFederalSystems); Finance CanadaTheEqualizationprogramwassignificantlymodifiedin 1982 withtheintroduction of a 5 province standardYearsSources of Revenue CoverageStandardOtherTax RevenueNatural resourcesOtherRevenues of local govt’s1957-581962-631964-651967-681973-741974-751977-781982-831987-881992-931994-951999-002003Income taxIncome taxIncome taxAllAllAllAllAllAllAllAllAllNonePartialPartialAllAllRestrictedRestrictedAllAllAllAllAllNoneNoneNoneNearly alNearly alNearly alNearly alAllAllAllAllNearly all** NoneNoneNoneNoneEducationEducationEducationEducation/propertyEducation/propertyEducation/propertyEducation/propertyEducation/propertyTwo Best ProvincesNational StandardTwo Best ProvincesNational StandardNational StandardNational Standard National Standard5 Provinces5 Provinces5 Provinces5 Provinces5 ProvincesCeiling/floorRevised ceiling/floor Revised ceiling/floorRevised ceiling/floorRevised ceiling/floorCeiling eliminated2004New Framework for equalization***** User fees excluded*** In October of 2004 equalization entitlements were capped at $10B for 2004-05 and $10.9B for 2005-06Source: Finance CanadaSource: Finance CanadaExecutive Federalism in Canada•First Ministers–The Prime Minister of Canada meets with Premiers of the Provinces and Territories, but there is no set schedule for these meetings–Used for Constitutional and Fiscal Issues and for Program Coordination–Premiers have pressed for more regular F/P/T meetings–They have also recently established a “Council of the Federation”to discuss and coordinate their positions on issues which might be raised with the Federal Government–There are also regional meeting of Premiers in the Western provinces and territories, in Atlantic Canada and in central Canada.Executive Federalism in Canada•Ministers of Finance–Ministers of Finance of the provinces and territories traditionally meet with their federal counterpart twice annually, before and after budget “season”–They are supported by a number of committees of officials, who provide common briefing notes on economic and fiscal data and projections, tax coordination, fiscal arrangements and the CPP/QPP–The Governor of the Bank of Canada often is invited to attend a portion of the pre-budget meetings.Executive FederalismExecutive FederalismMore Executive FederalismRecent DevelopmentsIn 2004 a new framework forequalization was put in place•A new ceiling of $10 billion for 2004-05•Protection for the provinces against reductions globally or individually•A new ceiling of $10.9 for 2005-06•Creation of a five person independent expert panel to review the equalization program. This concise book helps unlock the mysteries. As in any democracy we have our tensions. An important part of its subject matter is the system of transfer payments or grantsby which a central gover… Manitoba joined in This was not easy. The facts of the fiscal balance in Canada are, in the end, less important than the spirit of partnership and common cause that must be the cornerstone of federal-provincial relations in Canada. A federal union of the remaining British North American colonies was first considered in the early 19th century. The exceptional fiscal weight of Canadian provinces is buttressed by the fact that they have the authority to set their own tax rates. As a theory of government, federalism was always the first and best destiny for Canada. At the time of confederation, Canada was conceived as highly centralised state. Under this approach, the federal government transfers funds not directly to Canadians, but to provincial governments. Canada is not perfect. Fiscal Federalism and Equalization Policy in Canada aims to increase public understanding of equalization and fiscal federalism by providing a comparative and multidisciplinary perspective on the history, politics, and economics of equalization policy in Canada. The foundation for all of this creative progress has been the extraordinary work that both the federal government and the provinces have done, with the support of all Canadians, to clean up our balance sheets.
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