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In this adapted framework, alienation pertains to the ability of the owner to transfer or “sell” contracted forest use rights. Subsequently, both villages were visited every other year, for up to a week during each visit.
Land Economics, 87(3), 473–87. Liu, J. (1996). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/261628.
At the 2014 conference, the following expenditures, totaling 87,500 yuan, were approved: 1) 50,000 yuan to pave the village road; 2) 23,000 yuan for village festivals; and 3) 14,500 yuan to purchase items for group use, such as a buffet and tableware. 2020. Start a business selling in-demand products, Find a niche or business idea and get started, Practical steps for starting a business from scratch, Everything you need to know about selling t-shirts, Sell customized products without holding inventory, Learn about the dropshipping industry and how it works, Get inspired and launch your own business. Environmental Risk Management And Community Response To Environmental Controversy. Farmland tenure in China: Comparing legal, actual and perceived security. Protected forests, representing 3% of the total area, included sacred forests and sacred trees, temple forests, and “dragon forests” (protected forests providing drinking water). Land5 ownership remained vested in the collective and was inalienable; however, forest use rights were considered transferable, within the constraints of the contract period (Liu and Zhao, 2009). You can also search on many social networks for specific keywords or the most popular hashtags to find public posts that reflect a certain sentiment or demand for your product that you might want to act on. International Journal of the Commons, 5(2), 340–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400831739, Ostrom, E., & Nagendra, H. (2006). We can interpret this outcome as a de facto devolution of authoritative and control rights to the village level, in an area where the value of timber is less of a threat to forest cover and thus to the interests of forest officials at the county level and above, in contrast to two Sikor et al. Analysing Decentralised Natural Resource Governance: Proposition for a ‘Politicised’ Institutional Analysis and Development Framework. Strong communication and social networking skills. These might look like this: “Hello, @name. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(98)00161-2, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-009-9100-8, https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(96)00010-1, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.09.013, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0012-155X.2005.00410.x, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.08.031, https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2015.1014602, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.11.008, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.environ.33.020607.095522, https://business.sohu.com/20130424/n373841657.shtml, https://doi.org/10.1505/146554815817476512, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2011.12.010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.07.020, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887116000083, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2010.00401.x, https://doi.org/10.1177/0951692803015003002, https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226024134.003.0030, http://www.cifor.org/fileadmin/subsites/proformal/PDF/RPeluso1210.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2015.1014608, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.11.020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.04.011, http://www.forestry.gov.cn/main/72/content-1005409.html, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.032, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2007.01.002, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741015001241, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X13000272, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.05.010, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035248, Pre-1949: History of private, “family clan,” and some common land ownership. Are there any other questions I may help you with?”, “Our stores are closed from 23rd to 25th of December.
Land Use Policy, 42, 293–306. Florian Hieß is Head of Digital Marketing at. In Caiyuan, local officials enforced logging bans affecting the more established and larger timber plantation area (Action Situation II), resulting in indebtedness and conflict.
Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 45(7), 119–126. In Caiyuan Village, tree farm ownership remained unchanged. Further studies are needed to better understand the factors that produce diverse patterns of individual and collective land and resource rights at the interface between top-down policy and local models of dividing and sharing forestlands and their benefits. Comparison of the transformation of de facto land tenure in Caiyuan and Miheimen as a result of China’s collectivization from the 1950s to the 1980s. We employ, as well, a simplified version (Figure 1) of Ostrom’s Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) Framework (Ostrom, 2005, McGinnis, 2011), as a tool to identify and discuss differences between the two cases, in terms of the exogenous variables that affect villages responses to policy change (actions), in terms of interactions between villages and policies, and the criteria through which we assess ultimate outcomes. Elite Capture: How Decentralization and Informal Institutions Weaken Property Rights in China. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.04.011. Edmunds, D., & Wollenburg, E. (2003).
The top-down centralized administrative state in China is successful in part because local resistance is, in fact, allowed when policies depart from local needs. 4The administrative village is the second smallest political land unit in China. Traditional village heads also have the authority to authorize felling of trees for cremation ceremonies, which are carried out within the forest using a large volume of timber. Here's an example of the "surprise and delight" approach on Twitter from Pizza Pops, one of my favorite brands on social media. Forest tenure reform in the age of climate change: Lessons for REDD+.
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barren slopes/mountain sides, barren riversides, and unused flat land), which had been legally allocated to households, were acquired by private and community interests through local auctions.
Adapted from Schlager and Ostrom, 1992: 252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2010.00401.x, McMillan, J., Whalley, J., & Zhu, L. (1989).
The majority of forests, however, produce a non-timber good (valuable mushrooms), which are a collective resource owned and defended by a community of resource users implementing a system devised for more equal sharing of revenues from the harvest. Thanks for sharing all of your experiences!
Households with insufficient labor leased their forestland to other community members with sufficient labor, increasing the number of household tree farms. We put great importance on the quality of our services and the satisfaction of our customers.
Analysis of institutional development following Ostrom’s (2005) IAD Framework. While the outcomes of these interactions between policy and local agency doubtless may continue to evolve, the mix of forest property types and associated management in Caiyuan have been inefficient and unsustainable, with poor accountability. The initial result was a wave of deforestation as the imposition of new boundaries resulted in perceived tenure insecurity and revived old conflicts that had been locally negotiated, requiring adjustment from above by officials exercising authoritative rights. Every household (287 in total) in Caiyuan Village owns at least one small plot of forestland (386 hectares in total) for which they hold rights to access, withdraw, and exclude. Enchantment and disenchantment: The role of community in natural resource conservation. 2Renamed the State Forestry Administration (SFA) in 1998 and the State Forestry and Grassland Administration in 2018. 22.
In the mid-1980s, when forest property rights were tending towards privatization, severe timber overharvesting occurred, attributed by some to policy-induced tenure insecurity (e.g., Yan and Chen, 2010). Land requisitions and state–village power restructuring in southern China. Interviews held with forestry officials from the Nanhua County Forestry Authority during fieldwork in 2009 revealed that forests were not allocated to individual households. Following that time, they were transformed into a single governance system via collectivization.
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World Development, 120, 147–158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0951692803015003002, Ostrom, E. (2005). Global Environmental Change, 50, 278–288. Every once in a while, amidst all the noise, you'll catch opportunities as small as turning a customer's complaint into a public complement or as big as starting a viral hashtag. A user with rights of access only is defined as a traditional user, and one with all four rights is defined as an owner (see Table 2).
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